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Witnessing violence affects
kids’ health
Study finds link between exposure
to community violence and a disruption to the stress pathways in the
body. School-aged children who witness violence in urban
communities show symptoms of post-traumatic stress. |
They also suffer
physiological effects with a disruption to their normal cortisol
production pattern during the day, which may have long-term negative
effects on their health. According to Dr. Shakira Franco Suglia, from
the Harvard School of Public Health, and her team lead by Dr. Rosalind
J. Wright from Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School in
Boston, USA, because these children are not diagnosed with
post-traumatic stress disorder, these abnormal physiological symptoms
are unlikely to be picked up by their doctors. The study1 has
just been published online in Springer’s
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine.
Young people living in urban communities in the US experience and
witness high levels of serious and lethal violence. Such traumatic
experiences can have lasting negative effects on their health. Although
the mechanisms are yet to be confirmed, one plausible explanation is
that the body’s stress-response system is involved. Cortisol is a
hormone regulated by the stress-response system. Cortisol levels are
typically highest in the morning and fall gradually throughout the day.
Stress-induced changes to how cortisol is produced and regulated can
lead to a weaker immune system, and increased fat storage in the
abdominal region linked to cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Dr. Suglia and her team examined the impact of exposure to community
violence on physiological markers of stress response in children. More
specifically, they looked at the influence of post-traumatic stress
symptoms (e.g. difficulty with attention or sleep, intrusive thoughts,
flashbacks, worries) on the daily cortisol response among 28 girls and
15 boys aged 7-13 years old. Mothers rated their child’s exposure to
community violence (e.g. hearing gunshots, witnessing or experiencing
shoving, hitting, punching, knife attacks, shootings) and the resulting
post-traumatic stress symptoms. The researchers also collected saliva
samples from the children four times a day over three days to measure
cortisol production over the course of the day.
They found a link between exposure to community violence and a
disruption to the stress pathways in the body. In particular, the higher
children scored on the stress symptoms, the greater the disruption to
their cortisol production pattern and the higher their cortisol levels
over the course of the day, especially in the afternoon and evening.
Dr. Shakira Franco Suglia concludes: “Our study indicates that important
biological effects occur in children living in high-crime neighborhoods,
although with less severe distress symptoms than those experienced by
children diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. As a result,
they may not come to the attention of healthcare providers and a large
number of children may be impacted with broad adverse health effects.”
Reference
1. Suglia SF et al (2009). Posttraumatic stress
symptoms related to community violence and children’s diurnal cortisol
response in an urban community-dwelling sample. International
Journal of Behavioral Medicine DOI 10.1007/s12529-009-9044-6
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